急救关于美国黑人的英语论文,什么社会地位都行最好有评论性文字的，认识之类的。完整的最好

急救关于美国黑人的英语论文,什么社会地位都行
最好有评论性文字的，认识之类的。完整的最好

Racial terrorism
After its founding in 1867,the Ku Klux Klan,a secret vigilante organization sworn to perpetuate white supremacy,became a power for a few years in the South and beyond,eventually establishing a northern headquarters in Greenfield,Indiana.Its members hid behind masks and robes to hide their identity while they carried out violence and property damage.The Klan employed lynching,cross burnings and other forms of terrorism,physical violence,house burnings,and intimidation.The Klan's excesses led to the passage of legislation against it,and with Federal enforcement,it was squeezed out by 1871.
The anti-Republican and anti-freedmen sentiment only briefly went underground,as violence arose in other incidents,especially after Louisiana's disputed state election in 1872,which contributed to the Colfax and Coushatta massacres in Louisiana in 1873 and 1874.Tensions and rumors were high in many parts of the South.when violence erupted,African Americans consistently were killed at a much higher rate than were European Americans.Historians of the 20th century have renamed events long called "riots" in southern history.The common stories featured whites' heroically saving the community from marauding blacks.Upon examination of the evidence,historians have called numerous such events "massacres",as at Colfax,because of the disproportionate number of fatalities for blacks as opposed to whites.The mob violence there resulted in 40-50 blacks dead for each of the three whites killed.[23]
While not as widely known as the Klan,the paramilitary organizations that arose in the South during the mid-1870s as the white Democrats mounted a stronger insurgency,were more directed and effective than the Klan in challenging Republican governments,suppressing the black vote and achieving political goals.Unlike the Klan,paramilitary members operated openly,often solicited newspaper coverage,and had distinct political goals:to turn Republicans out of office and suppress or dissuade black voting in order to regain power in 1876.Groups included the White League,that started from white militias in Grant Parish,Louisiana,in 1874 and spread in the Deep South; the Red Shirts,that started in Mississippi in 1875 but had chapters arise and was prominent in the 1876 election campaign in South Carolina,as well as in North Carolina; and other White Line organizations such as rifle clubs.[24]
The Jim Crow era accompanied the most cruel wave of "racial" suppression that America has yet experienced.Between 1890 and 1940,millions of African Americans were disfranchised,killed,and brutalized.According to newspaper records kept at the Tuskegee Institute,about 5,000 men,women,and children were murdered outright,tortured to death in documented extrajudicial public rituals of mob violence 鈥攈uman sacrifices called "lynchings." The journalist Ida B.Wells estimated that lynchings not reported by the newspapers,plus similar executions under the veneer of "due process",may have amounted to about 20,000 killings.[citation needed]
Of the tens of thousands of lynchers and onlookers during this period,it is reported that fewer than 50 whites were ever indicted for their crimes,and only four sentenced.Because blacks were disfranchised,they could not sit on juries or have any part in the political process,including local offices.Meanwhile,the lynchings were a weapon of white mob terror with millions of Afro-Americans living in a constant state of anxiety and fear.[25] Most blacks were denied their right to keep and bear arms under Jim Crow laws,and they were therefore unable to protect themselves or their families.[26]
Politically and economically,blacks have made substantial strides in the post-civil rights era.Civil rights leader Jesse Jackson,who ran for the Democratic Party's presidential nomination in 1984 and 1988,brought unprecedented support and leverage to blacks in politics.
In 1989,Douglas Wilder became the first African-American elected governor in U.S.history.In 1992 Carol Moseley-Braun of Illinois became the first black woman elected to the U.S.Senate.There were 8,936 black officeholders in the United States in 2000,showing a net increase of 7,467 since 1970.In 2001 there were 484 black mayors.
The 38 African-American members of Congress form the Congressional Black Caucus,which serves as a political bloc for issues relating to African Americans.The appointment of blacks to high federal offices鈥攊ncluding General Colin Powell,Chairman of the U.S.Armed Forces Joint Chiefs of Staff,1989-1993,United States Secretary of State,2001 - 2005; Condoleezza Rice,Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs,2001-2004,Secretary of State in,2005 - 2009; Ron Brown,United States Secretary of Commerce,1993-1996; and Supreme Court justices Thurgood Marshall and Clarence Thomas鈥攁lso demonstrates the increasing visibility of blacks in the political arena.
Economic progress for blacks' reaching the extremes of wealth has been slow.According to Forbes richest lists,Oprah Winfrey was the richest African American of the 20th century and has been the world's only black billionaire in 2004,2005,and 2006.[1] Not only was Winfrey the world's only black billionaire but she has been the only black on the Forbes 400 list nearly every year since 1995.BET founder Bob Johnson briefly joined her on the list from 2001-2003 before his ex-wife acquired part of his fortune; although he returned to the list in 2006,he did not make it in 2007.With Winfrey the only African American wealthy enough to rank among America's 400 richest people [2],blacks currently comprise 0.25% of America's economic elite and comprise 13% of the U.S.population.
In 2008,Illinois senator Barack Obama became the first black presidential nominee of the Democratic Party,making him the first African-American presidential candidate from a major political party.He was elected as the 44th President of the United States on November 4,2008,and inaugurated on January 20,2009.