作业帮看曼昆的经济学原理,他讲的一个边际的例子没看懂.As another example,consider an airline deciding how much to charge passengers who fly standby.Suppose that flying a 200-seat plane across the country costs the airline $100,000.In th
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看曼昆的经济学原理,他讲的一个边际的例子没看懂.
As another example,consider an airline deciding how much to charge passengers who fly standby.Suppose that flying a 200-seat plane across the country costs the airline $100,000.In this case,the average cost of each seat is $100,000/200,which is $500.One might be tempted to conclude that the airline should never sell a ticket for less than $500.In fact,however,the airline can raise its profits by opportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some item marginal changes small incremental adjustments to a plan of action thinking at the margin.Imagine that a plane is about to take off with ten empty seats,and a standby passenger is waiting at the gate willing to pay $300 for a seat.Should the airline sell it to him?Of course it should.If the plane has empty seats,the cost of adding one more passenger is minuscule.Although the average cost of flying a passenger is $500,the marginal cost is merely the cost of the bag of peanuts and can of soda that the extra passenger will consume.As long as the standby passenger pays more than the marginal cost,selling him a ticket is profitable.
我的问题是：Why the marginal cost is merely the cost of the bag of peanuts and can of soda that the extra passenger will consume?为什么说一个额外旅客消耗的边际成本只是增加了一瓶苏打水,一带糖炒栗子?难道它本身不需要有$500的实际成本么?
航空公司飞行一趟的成本主要是燃油费、机场服务费、飞机折旧等,这些费用构成了一趟航班的主要成本,可能占90%,而对乘客的服务产生的费用其实是很少的.而增加一个乘客对燃油费、机场服务费等主要费用是没有影响的,也就是说这些飞行的主要费用在飞行之前基本已经确定了,不会因乘客数量而发生变化.假设飞行一趟的成本是100000,共200个乘客,平均成本就是500,假设现在新增一个乘客,新增加的成本其实就是送他一点食物——苏打水之类的,这就是边际成本.你说的那个500是平均成本而不是边际成本.
边际成本指的是每一单位新增生产的产品（或者购买的产品）带来到总成本的增量.