比萨斜塔英文介绍

比萨斜塔英文介绍

The Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italian:Torre pendente di Pisa) or simply The Tower of Pisa (La Torre di Pisa) is the campanile,or freestanding bell tower,of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa.It is situated behind the Cathedral and it is the third structure in Pisa's Campo dei Miracoli (field of Miracles).
Although intended to stand vertically,the tower began leaning to the southeast soon after the onset of construction in 1173 due to a poorly laid foundation and loose substrate that has allowed the foundation to shift.
The height of the tower is 55.86 m (183.27 ft) from the ground on the lowest side and 56.70 m (186.02 ft) on the highest side.The width of the walls at the base is 4.09 m (13.42 ft) and at the top 2.48 m (8.14 ft).Its weight is estimated at 14,500 tonnes.The tower has 294 steps.

The Tower of Pisa is the bell tower of the Cathedral. Its construction began in the august of 1173 and continued (with two long interruptions) for about two hundred years, in full fidelity to the orig...

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The Tower of Pisa is the bell tower of the Cathedral. Its construction began in the august of 1173 and continued (with two long interruptions) for about two hundred years, in full fidelity to the original project, whose architect is still uncertain.
In the past it was widely believed that the inclination of the Tower was part of the project ever since its beginning, but now we know that it is not so. The Tower was designed to be "vertical" (and even if it did not lean it would still be one of the most remarkable bell towers in Europe), and started to incline during its construction.
Both because of its inclination, and its beauty, from 1173 up to the present the Tower has been the object of very special attention. During its construction efforts were made to halt the incipient inclination through the use of special construction devices; later colums and other damaged parts were substituted in more than one occasion; today, interventions are being carried out within the sub-soil in order to significantly reduce the inclination and to make sure that Tower will have a long life.
In all this story it is possible to find a meaningful constant, the "genetic code" of the Tower: its continual interaction with the soil on which it was built. Today's (1999) works for the safeguard and the conservation of the Tower with very advanced methodologies are designed to fully respect this constant.
In this site you will find:

Tower's Gallery
Every detail of the Tower in 6400 pictures accessible interactively.
Tower's Events
Complete information about the Tower from 1173 up to the present.
Poster
Information on the inclination and the restoration interventions in 14 displays.

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The Leaning Tower of Pisa is a valuable artifact of Italian engineering, history and culture for many more reasons than just because it leans.
The Tower has borne witness to nearly 800 years of ...

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The Leaning Tower of Pisa is a valuable artifact of Italian engineering, history and culture for many more reasons than just because it leans.
The Tower has borne witness to nearly 800 years of Italian history. It has survived innumerable wars, earthquakes, pestilence and the Plague.
If only it could talk! The stories it must have stored in its stones. Maybe it would reveal the true architect of its design.
Though historians know that construction began in 1173, they haven't figured out who designed it.
1173: Construction begins on the Tower of Pisa. Evidence suggests the tower began to lean soon after, but historians discount theories that the original architects intended for the tower to lean.
1185: Experts believe construction was interrupted at the fourth order, or level, of the tower.
Construction probably resumed in 1231, only to be suspended again in 1292.
1360: Tommaso Pisano completes the tower, adding a belfry and making other minor corrections.
Late 1830s: Nearby excavation work begins to destabilize the tower's base.
1990: Italian government closes tower to tourists over fears it is leaning too far.
June 6, 2001: Official inauguration ceremony for the leaning Tower of Pisa .
November 2001: The Tower is set to reopen to tourists and climbers for $12 admission. Guides will lead groups of 30 at time.
Beyond 2300: Next time engineers believe the tower will need a major overhaul.
The Leaning Tower
If you have a chance to travel in Europe , you’d better choose Italy as a good place to
visit , because Italy is a very famous country with a long history ,and there are many
interesting cities in this country . There are millions of people each year who visit the
city of Pisa . It is known for the Leaning Tower (斜塔) of Pisa .
The tower looks as if it might fall at any time. In fact, some visitors stop at the tower
just long enough to take a picture, then they hurry away. The tower has 294 steps(台阶).
Visitors who can climb to the top and come down will feel like heroes(英雄).
The engineers say that the visitors are safe, though the tower does lean. This tower has
been leaning for about800years. And it leans a tiny bit more every year. If this keeps on, the
tower will fall at last. But many engineers are trying their best to keep the tower standing as
long as possible.

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Leaning Tower of Pisa, the campanile, freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of Pisa, Italy. Like the cathedral and associated baptistery, the tower was built in the Romanesque style (see Romanesqu...

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Leaning Tower of Pisa, the campanile, freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of Pisa, Italy. Like the cathedral and associated baptistery, the tower was built in the Romanesque style (see Romanesque Art and Architecture). Adjacent to the three structures is a cemetery, or camposanto (Italian: literally, holy field, originally meant to hold sacred soil from the holy land).
The tower is renowned for its marked tilt. This spectacular irregularity has tended to obscure the fact that it is also a magnificent example of Romanesque architecture and decoration. Begun in 1173, the eight-story round tower is 55 m (180 ft) tall and 16 m (52 ft) in diameter at the base. The ground floor is encircled by a blind arcade, or series of walled-in arches. Six additional levels of open galleries, consisting of round arches supported on columns, are surmounted by the bell chamber, somewhat smaller in diameter. Although the tower's ancient bells remain in place, they are no longer rung. The interior of the tower is occupied by a 294-step spiral staircase that leads to the bell chamber. The exterior is adorned with fine multicolored marbles and excellent carved work. The doorway, which is especially ornate, features grotesque carvings of animals.
Construction of the campanile stretched over a period of nearly 200 years, partly because of delays caused by the tower's persistent structural problems. By the time the first three stories were completed, one side of the tower had already begun to sink into the soft soil, and construction was halted for nearly 100 years. The first attempts to counter the lean of the structure were made in 1275, when construction resumed. By 1301 six stories were complete, and the tower was finished about 1350.
At its summit, the structure tilts about 5 m (16 ft) from the vertical, and the lean is said to be increasing at a rate of about 1 mm (about 1/25 of an inch) per year. Italian physicist Galileo conducted his famous experiments with gravity and the relative speed of falling objects from the top story of the tower. The structure has been closed to the public since 1990 due to safety and conservation concerns.
意大利比萨斜塔修建于1173年，由著名建筑师那诺·皮萨诺主持修建。它位于罗马式大教堂后面右侧，是比萨城的标志。开始时，塔高设计为100米左右，但动工五六年后，塔身从三层开始倾斜，直到完工还在持续倾斜，在其关闭之前，塔顶已南倾(即塔顶偏离垂直线)3.5米。1990年，意大利政府将其关闭，开始进行整修。
在实际工作中，许多有关专家对比萨斜塔的全部历史以及塔的建筑材料、结构、地质、水源等方面进行充分的研究，并采用各种先进的仪器设备进行测试。比萨中古史学家皮洛迪教授研究后认为，建造塔身的每一块石砖都是一块石雕佳品，石砖与石砖间的粘合极为巧妙，有效地防止了塔身倾斜引起的断裂，成为斜塔斜而不倒的一个因素。但他仍强调指出，现在当务之急是弄清比萨斜塔斜而不倒的奥妙。
从事观测该塔的专家盖里教授根据比萨斜塔近几年来倾斜的速度推测出，斜塔将于250年后因塔身的重心超出塔基外缘而倾倒。但是公共事务部比萨斜塔服务局的有关人员，针对盖里教授的看法提出了反驳，认为只按数学方式推算是不可靠的，比萨斜塔是“一个由多种事实交织成的综合性问题”。另一些研究者调查发现比萨斜塔塔身曾一度向东倾斜，尔后又转向南倾斜，他们同样认为该塔在过去几百年间斜而不倒，250年后倒与不倒恐怕不能局限于简单的假设和预测。
当然，最关心斜塔命运的自然是比萨人，尽管他们也对斜塔的倾斜感到担忧，但更多的是骄傲和自豪，为自己的故乡拥有一个自认为可与世界上著名建筑媲美的斜塔而感到自豪。他们坚信它不会倒下，他们有这样一句俗语，比萨塔像比萨人一样健壮结实，永远不会倒下去。他们对那些把斜塔重新纠正竖直的建议最为深恶痛绝。如1934年，在地基及四周喷入90吨水泥，实施基础防水工程，塔身反而更加不稳，向周围移动，倾斜得更快。
人们目前还难以预言比萨斜塔今后的命运，但仍感叹它斜而不倒的壮观景象
参考资料：转自中华网 http://culture.china.com/zh_cn/reading/shuzhai/11022789/20050616/12408245.html

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Although intended to stand vertically, the tower began leaning to the southeast soon after the onset of construction in 1173 due to a poorly laid foundation and loose substrate that has allowed the fo...

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Although intended to stand vertically, the tower began leaning to the southeast soon after the onset of construction in 1173 due to a poorly laid foundation and loose substrate that has allowed the foundation to shift.
The height of the tower is 55.86 m (183.27 ft) from the ground on the lowest side and 56.70 m (186.02 ft) on the highest side. The width of the walls at the base is 4.09 m (13.42 ft) and at the top 2.48 m (8.14 ft). Its weight is estimated at 14,500 tonnes. The tower has 294 steps.

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