何为索烃、轮烷、环番?

何为索烃、轮烷、环番?

索烃是一个机械互锁分子,包含有两个或两个以上互锁的大环分子.除非环分子内部的共价键断裂,否则互锁的环不能够分开.索烃的英文名（Catenane）源自拉丁文的Catena,意思是“链”.索烃和其他机械互锁分子有着概念上的联系,例如：轮烷、分子扭结和分子博洛米尼结.最近,人们用机械键这样一个新的术语来描述索烃环之间的连接.
A catenane is a mechanically-interlocked molecular architecture consisting of two or more interlocked macrocycles.The interlocked rings cannot be separated without breaking the covalent bonds of the macrocycles.Catenane is derived from the Latin catena meaning "chain".They are conceptually related to other mechanically-interlocked molecular architectures,such as rotaxanes,molecular knots or molecular Borromean rings.Recently the terminology "mechanical bond" has been coined that describes the connection between the macrocycles of a catenane.
轮烷（Rotaxane）是一类由一个环状分子套在一个哑铃状的线型分子上的而形成的内锁型超分子体系.如果包含多个环状分子,则成为聚轮烷.
A rotaxane is a mechanically-interlocked molecular architecture consisting of a "dumbbell shaped molecule" which is threaded through a "macrocycle" (see graphical representation).The name is derived from the Latin for wheel (rota) and axle (axis).The two components of a rotaxane are kinetically trapped since the ends of the dumbbell (often called stoppers) are larger than the internal diameter of the ring and prevent disassociation (unthreading) of the components since this would require significant distortion of the covalent bonds.
Much of the research concerning rotaxanes and other mechanically-interlocked molecular architectures,such as catenanes,has been focused on their efficient synthesis.However,examples of rotaxane have been found in biological systems including:cystine knot peptides,cyclotides or lasso-peptides such as microcin J25 are protein,and a variety of peptides with rotaxane substructure.
环番：是由一个或多个芳环和一条或多条碳链或仅为一个键组成的环外有环的多环烃型有机化合物.
A cyclophane is a hydrocarbon consisting of an aromatic unit (typically a benzene ring) and an aliphatic chain that forms a bridge between two non-adjacent positions of the aromatic ring.More complex derivatives with multiple aromatic units and bridges forming cagelike structures are also known.Cyclophanes are well-studied in organic chemistry because they adopt unusual chemical conformations due to build-up of strain.Despite this,cyclophane structures are not unknown to biomolecules.