如何分析英语中一句子的结构,如名词作主语之类的?

如何分析英语中一句子的结构,如名词作主语之类的?

句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的,表达一个完整的意义.一个句子一般由两部分构成,即主语部分和谓语部分,这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分.句子的次要成分包括宾语,定语,状语,表语等.句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分.\x0d1）主语：是一句的主体,是全句述说的对象,常用名词,数词或代词担任,一般放于句首.如：Students study. (学生学习.) We are friends.(我们是朋友)这两句话中单词students是个名词,we是代词,它们在句中做主语. 2）谓语：是对主语加以陈述,表示主语的行为或状态,常用动词或者动词词组担任,放在主语的后面.如： Students study. (学生学习.)We are friends. (我们是朋友)这两句话中单词study和are都是动词,study叫做实意动词,are叫做be动词,它们在句中作谓语.3）宾语：表示行为的对象,常由名词或者代词担任.放在及物动词或者介词之后.如：They are teachers. ( 他们是老师.)I play with him. (我和他一起玩.)这两句话中单词teachers是名词,单词him是带词,它们在句中作宾语.4）定语：是用来说明或者限制名词的成分,常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任.形容词放在名词之前,相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面.如：This is a red sun.(这是个红太阳.)He is a tall boy.（他是个高个子男孩.）这两句话中单词red和 tall都是形容词,它们作定语.５）状语是用来说明动词,形容词,副词或整个句子的成分.常由副词担任.修饰动词时可以放在动词之前,也可以放在动词之后；修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前.如：The students study hard. (这些学生学习努力.)I often write to him. (我常给他写信.)The bag is too heavy. (这个书包太重了.)这三句话中单词hard 和often修饰的都是动词,第三句话中单词too修饰的是形容词,它们都作状语.６）表语：用来说明主语的性质或状态.一般由名词或者形容词担任.如：This table is long. (这个桌子是长的.)通常情况下,主语和宾语前的成分是定语,谓语前的成分是状语,时间词作状语放在句子后面.句子的成分分布如下：（定语） 主语 （状语） 谓语 （定语） 宾语 （状语）如：(The tall) boy (often) go (to the big) zoo.(The happy) child --- went (his) home yesterday. 请分析下面句子的结构说出各个成分1）I have two elder sisters. （我有两个姐姐.）2) They don't swim very well.（他们游泳不太好.）3) Do you go to school every day? （你每天去上学吗?）4) I really want a cup of tea.（我真的想要一杯茶.） 5) Miss Smith teaches English very well.（史密斯先生教英语非常好.）语法其实并没有一些人想象的那么可怕,其实里面有很多趣味. 第一讲 英语句子成分WARM-UP：1)The teacher in the classroom. 2)Sang many songs and danced happily. 3)She attracts. 4)Many people living in the country. 5)All the books on the desk over there.以上这些形式都不能构成英语句子.英语句子(sentence)=主语+谓语（核心：主动词）英语句子成分歌英语句子八呀八大块, 主谓宾表真呀真实在；补语跟着宾语表语跑, 定语同位（语）专把名词踹.状语的位置它自由自在, 忽右忽左随心所欲摆.浑身的毛病真呀真不少, 前后乱窜它还会加塞.（RAP）I．八大成分的概念和构成1．主语(名词代词形)：句子的主体,是谓语陈述,说明的对象.If you want the rainbow you have to put up with the rain.不经历风雨,怎么见彩虹.The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratching.成功的秘诀在于从磨练开始,并要坚持不断磨练.充当主语的形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）-ing形式8）介词短语（少见） 形式主语（名词从句,不定式,动名词）（见第六讲主语和宾语）2．谓语：表示主语的行为或进行的活动.I have a dream.You don’t always want what you need, or need what you want.所需之物未必皆所欲,所欲未必皆所需.谓语形式：动词（英语句子的灵魂）3．宾语：行为或活动的对象,接受者或受影响者.You don’t find opportunities…you make them.你找不到机会.你得去创造机会.You probably won’t hear opportunity knock if your television is always on.如果你常开着电视,你就可能听不到机会的敲门声.充当宾语形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）-ing形式 形式宾语（名词从句,不定式,动名词）（见第六讲主语和宾语）4．表语：说明主语的身份和情况.(跟在系动词后)Time is money.Three o’clock is always too late or too early for anything you want to do.你想做什么事,三点钟总是太早或太迟.构成形式：1）名词2）形容词3）代词4）数词5）不定式6）ing形式7）过去分词8）副词9）介词短语10）小品词11）名词从句5．补语：补充说明.（由动词类别来决定）构成形式：1）名词2）代词3）形容词4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）过去分词8）介词短语9）副词小品词10）名词从句主语补语\x0dTom was made monitor.\x0d宾语补语I made Tom monitor.\x0d表语补语I am sure to succeed.\x0d6. 定语：对名词性形式进行范围限定.7. This is beautiful music.There are only two kinds of music…good and bad.自古音乐分两种,好的和坏的.构成形式：1）限定词2）形容词3）名词4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）过去分词8）介词短语9）副词10）关系从句8. 同位语：对被修饰对象进行补充说明或进一步解释.Puff, the magic dragon, lived by the sea.构成形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）名词从句9. 状语：修饰词,短语,从句和整句.位置：自由自在.1）修饰性状语：修饰动词,形容词,副词等（时间,地点,肯定,否定,程度,频度,方式,伴随,原因,目的,比较等）.Can you feel the love tonight?Home never looks so good as when you come back from getting away from it.只有出走又回家时,家才最感亲切.2）连接性状语：连接上下文（顺序,递进,转折,让步,结果,推论,比较）.First comes spring, then summer.I’ve never been to America, therefore I don’t know much about it.3)评述性状语：修饰整个句子,表示说话人的看法或态度.Frankly speaking, the food is not very good.II．成分关系1．补语跟着宾语表语跑：补语跟在宾语和补语的后面构成宾补和表补.把有宾补的句子变成被动语态,则宾补就变成了主补.To love others makes us happy…to love ourselves makes us lonely.（宾补）We are made happy to love others…we are made lonely to love ourselves.（主补）爱他人使我们幸福,在自己使我们孤单.2．定语,同位（语）专把名词踹：定语,同位语修饰名词性形式Experience is the best teacher.（被定语所修饰的形式为名词）They are going to Melbourne, the beautiful city in southern Australia.（同位语所修饰的形式为名词）3．谓语动词由状语修饰When you reach for the stars, you may not quite get one, but you won’t come up with a handful of sand either.你想摘下天上的星星,可能一个也摘不下；但也不会一无所获.1、主语：\x0d(1)由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的.如：The painter painted a very nice picture. (画家画了一幅漂亮的画.) / They fought against SARS bravely. (他们勇敢地与非典搏斗.) / To see is to believe. (耳听为虚眼见为实). / Helping animals is to help people. (帮助动物就是帮助人类.)(2)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后.如：It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. (在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了.) / Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多对你的身体不利.)(3)口语中常见主语或“主--系”省略：(It is) nothing. ((那)没有什么.)/ (It) doesn’t matter. ((那)没有关系.) / (I) thank you. ((我)谢谢你.)(4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词：The man looks worried,doesn’t he? (这个人看上去很着急不是吗?) / Tigers are dangerous animals, aren’t they? (老虎是危险的动物不是吗?)(5)祈使句一般省略主语.加主语时往往用来指定某个人.Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子们请保持键盘的清洁.) (省略了主语) / You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去给我弄一杯水来.)(6)主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾；倒装句及there be句型主语在动词之后.如：Computers are made in this factory. (计算机生产于这家工厂.) / Where are they? (他们在哪儿?) / Does the boy like staying home? (这个男孩喜欢呆在家里吗?)(7)主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致, 而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求.Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都没有通过考试.) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族.)(8)主语可以由从句充当,详见“主语从句”.2、谓语：\x0d(1)由“不及物动词”、“及物动词+宾语”或“系动词+表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么样”.如：He travelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行.) / Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语?) / The pizza has gone bad. (那块烤馅饼已经变坏.) / (2)谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,谓语动词往往由下列词语依序排列构成：［情态动词］+［时态助动词］+［语态助动词］+［主要动词］(不一定全部出现).(见动词的时态和语态构成表) 记住：谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词.如：I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (对不起我发出了太大的声音但是只能这样.) / He can’t have finished reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能读完了那本长达800页的小说.) / Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (该采取措施防止禽流感蔓延.) (3)谓语动词切忌用“行为动词1 + 原形动词”、“be + 原形动词”.记住使用下列正确形式：①情态动词+原形动词.如：You’d better go over the lesson.（你最好复习这一课.）②shall/ will/ would+原形动词.如：They should have been there once.（他们应该去过那儿.）③be+现在分词或者过去分词.如：What are you doing this evening?（今晚你打算做什么?）/ Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.（自从20世纪70年代大批树木被砍伐.）④have+过去分词.如：Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.（意思同上）⑤一般时问句和否定句中：do/does/did+原形动词.如：He does not enjoy himself very much.（他日子过的不好.）/ Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?（你们当中有谁见过恐龙蛋吗?）⑥行为动词1+行为动词2 (不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词等形式).如：He made up his mind to be a vet.（他拿定主意要做个兽医.）/ Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeling good about life.（自尊自爱是享受生活的根本.）/ They wake up the other family members, calling,“Merry Christmas!”（他们叫醒家庭的其他成员,呼喊着：圣诞快乐!）/ The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves.（古代的埃及国王让人给他们自己修建坚固的坟墓.） (4)不可用形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语等独立作谓语,必须在此之前加连系动词.(5)谓语动词单复数形式：单数形式的动词有：is,was,has,does以及“动词+s”；复数形式的动词有：are,were,have以及动词原形.其他动词不分单、复数.谓语部分第一个动词的形式单数形式复数形式